Do not vaccinate within 21 days before slaughter. Burn the container and all unused product. Use entire contents when first opened do not save partial contents. Using aseptic technique, inject 2 mL once intramuscularly (IM) into pigs at 3 weeks of age or older.ĬAUTIONS: Store in the dark at 2° to 7☌ (35° to 45☏). Warm the vaccine to room temperature immediately prior to administration. Duration of immunity for at least 20 weeks has been demonstrated.ĭOSE: Shake well. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.For use in healthy swine, as an aid in the control of ileitis caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, an aid in the reduction of colonization by Lawsonia, and an aid in the reduction of duration of fecal shedding. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. As some of the participants in the study are unaccustomed to deal with forms, all the necessary information about the study was provided to all the participants before obtaining their consent. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all the owners. No animal experiment has been performed in the scope of this research. Trained veterinarians obtained all the samples, following standard routine procedures. Only non-invasive samples were collected during routine procedures with consent of owners, and no ethics committee approval was needed. Ethics approval and consent to participateĪll animals were cared for according to the rules given by the current EU (Directive 2010/63/EC) and national (DL 113/2013) legislation and by the competent authority (Direção Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, DGAV, in Portugal. MO – MSc, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor at FMV. LC - DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor at FMV. Pre-surgical skin asepsis protocols with povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine showed similar efficacy in the elimination of methicillin resistant bacteria and preventing surgical site infections in dogs undergoing surgery.Īntimicrobial resistance Asepsis Chlorhexidine Dogs MRSA MRSP Povidone-iodine Pre-surgery Skin infection Staphylococci. False positives were mainly other staphylococci species, as well as Enterobacteriaceae. From the 39% pre-asepsis swabs which showed bacterial growth in MRSA modified chromogenic agar medium, only one isolate was identified as Staphylococcus aureus and one as S. Also, the logarithmic reduction of the bacterial quantification from pre- and post-asepsis time, was not statistically different for povidone-iodine (6.51 ± 1.94 log10) and chlorhexidine (6.46 ± 2.62 log10) protocol. In only 9% of the cases a significant bacterial logarithmic reduction was not observed, indicating possible resistance to these agents. Most samples collected at the post-asepsis did not present bacterial growth, both for the animals subjected to the povidone-iodine (74%) or to the chlorhexidine (70%) protocols. For each dog, two skin swab samples were collected at pre-asepsis and post-asepsis, for bacterial quantification by conventional techniques and isolation of methicillin-resistant species. A total of 46 animals were randomly assigned for an asepsis protocol with an aqueous solution of 7.5% povidone-iodine or with an alcoholic solution of 2% chlorhexidine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two pre-surgical skin asepsis protocols in dogs. However, in veterinary medicine there is no agreement on which biocide is the most effective. Pre-surgical asepsis of the skin is one of the preventive measures performed to reduce SSI incidence and also antibiotic resistance dissemination. Most of surgical site infections (SSI) are caused by commensal and pathogenic agents from the patient's microbiota, which may include antibiotic resistant strains.
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